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Microsoft Windows NT – Wikipedia.Microsoft Windows Server R2 Operating System Software for sale | eBay
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VersionString Property". Retrieved November 10, Show Stopper! Free Press. ISBN American history. Retrieved March 17, Win super site. Archived from the original on May 26, Retrieved June 26, Retrieved November 13, Retrieved November 24, November 5, Archived from the original on December 18, Archived from the original on December 29, Retrieved February 22, Archived from the original on April 21, Archived from the original on July 20, Retrieved January 5, IT Pro.
Retrieved January 2, Retrieved August 25, Prentice Hall. Retrieved January 23, The technique that Windows NT uses is called a "microkernel" and was influenced by the Mach microkernel developed at Carnegie Mellon University. Microsoft Docs. September 15, Retrieved August 7, March Retrieved January 14, Windows Server Retrieved May 18, Retrieved November 1, Blogging Windows.
Retrieved February 5, Retrieved June 6, Retrieved April 17, July 18, Retrieved July 18, Server cloud. Retrieved July 8, The Verge. Vox Media. ITPro Today. Microsoft Blog. Retrieved December 24, CBS Interactive. Virtualization Review. Retrieved June 18, Retrieved September 5, Windows Team Blog. October 14, Archived from the original on April 15, Retrieved September 14, Microsoft Developer Network.
May 31, July 11, December 5, Dedicated devices will have the operating system pre-installed and may be supplied with a server recovery disk which reloads the OS over a network connection.
The first release of Windows Home Server, RTM release to manufacturing , suffered from a file corruption flaw whereby files saved directly to or edited on shares on a WHS device could become corrupted. Even though the issue was first acknowledged in October , [37] Microsoft formally warned users of the seriousness of the flaw on 20 December This issue was fixed by Power Pack 1, released on 21 July Power Pack 1 added the ability to back up files stored on the Shared Folders, to an external drive.
However, there remains no way to back up the installed server operating system. Backing-up of the client backup database is available either manually using the instructions provided by Microsoft on page 24 of this document or can be done using the WHS BDBB add-in written by Alex Kuretz and available from this website. Some computer systems are available only with a bundled Windows Home Server license. As is the case with other versions of Windows it is possible to request a refund of the license fees paid for Windows Home Server.
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Home server operating system by Microsoft released in This article relies too much on references to primary sources. Please improve this by adding secondary or tertiary sources. Closed-source Source-available through Shared Source Initiative.
The Windows Blog. Archived from the original on 27 November Retrieved 24 November Windows Home Server Blog. Archived from the original on 22 November Retrieved 30 January Retrieved 14 March Retrieved 8 January Microsoft Corporation. Retrieved 2 February Microsoft News Center. Redmond, Washington: Microsoft Corporation. Retrieved 22 July Retrieved 2 April Retrieved 5 July Retrieved 29 August Retrieved 3 August Windows Home Server Team Blog.
Retrieved 10 June Retrieved 7 May Windows SuperSite. Archived from the original on 11 January Ars Technica. Retrieved 15 October Retrieved 28 April Retrieved 4 October On October 22, , Microsoft ceased sales of retail copies of Windows Vista, and the original equipment manufacturer sales for Vista ceased a year later. Official mainstream support for Vista ended on April 10, , and extended support ended on April 11, , while the server equivalent, Windows Server , had its mainstream support ended on January 13, , [10] followed by extended support on January 14, As of February [update] , 0.
Microsoft began work on Windows Vista, known at the time by its codename "Longhorn", in May , [12] five months before the release of Windows XP. It was originally expected to ship in late as a minor step between Windows XP and "Blackcomb", which was planned to be the company's next major operating system release. Gradually, "Longhorn" assimilated many of the important new features and technologies slated for Blackcomb, resulting in the release date being pushed back several times in three years.
In some builds of Longhorn, their license agreement said "For the Microsoft product codenamed 'Whistler'". Many of Microsoft's developers were also re-tasked to build updates to Windows XP and Windows Server to strengthen security. Faced with ongoing delays and concerns about feature creep , Microsoft announced on August 27, , that it had revised its plans. For this reason, Longhorn was reset to start work on componentizing the Windows Server Service Pack 1 codebase, and over time re-incorporating the features that would be intended for an actual operating system release.
Longhorn became known as Vista in The early development stages of Longhorn were generally characterized by incremental improvements and updates to Windows XP. During this period, Microsoft was fairly quiet about what was being worked on, as their marketing and public relations efforts were more strongly focused on Windows XP, and Windows Server , which was released in April Occasional builds of Longhorn were leaked onto popular file sharing networks such as IRC , BitTorrent , eDonkey and various newsgroups , and so most of what is known about builds before the first sanctioned development release of Longhorn in May is derived from these builds.
After several months of relatively little news or activity from Microsoft with Longhorn, Microsoft released Build , which had made an appearance on the Internet around February 28, As an evolutionary release over build , it contained several small improvements, including a modified blue "Plex" theme and a new, simplified Windows Image-based installer that operates in graphical mode from the outset, and completed an install of the operating system in approximately one third the time of Windows XP on the same hardware.
An optional "new taskbar" was introduced that was thinner than the previous build and displayed the time differently. The most notable visual and functional difference, however, came with Windows Explorer. The incorporation of the Plex theme made blue the dominant color of the entire application.
The Windows XP-style task pane was almost completely replaced with a large horizontal pane that appeared under the toolbars. A new search interface allowed for filtering of results, searching for Windows help, and natural-language queries that would be used to integrate with WinFS. The animated search characters were also removed. The "view modes" were also replaced with a single slider that would resize the icons in real-time, in the list, thumbnail, or details mode, depending on where the slider was.
File metadata was also made more visible and more easily editable, with more active encouragement to fill out missing pieces of information. Also of note was the conversion of Windows Explorer to being a. NET application. Most builds of Longhorn and Vista were identified by a label that was always displayed in the bottom-right corner of the desktop.
A typical build label would look like "Longhorn Build Higher build numbers did not automatically mean that the latest features from every development team at Microsoft was included. Typically, a team working on a certain feature or subsystem would generate their working builds which developers would test with, and when the code was deemed stable, all the changes would be incorporated back into the main development tree at once. At Microsoft, several "Build labs" exist where the compilation of the entirety of Windows can be performed by a team.
The name of the lab in which any given build originated is shown as part of the build label, and the date and time of the build follow that. Some builds such as Beta 1 and Beta 2 only display the build label in the version information dialog Winver.
The icons used in these builds are from Windows XP. The demonstrations were done on a revised build which was never released. Several sessions for developers and hardware engineers at the conference focused on these new features, as well as the Next-Generation Secure Computing Base previously known as "Palladium" , which at the time was Microsoft's proposed solution for creating a secure computing environment whereby any given component of the system could be deemed "trusted".
Also at this conference, Microsoft reiterated their roadmap for delivering Longhorn, pointing to an "early " release date. By , it had become obvious to the Windows team at Microsoft that they were losing sight of what needed to be done to complete the next version of Windows and ship it to customers. Internally, some Microsoft employees were describing the Longhorn project as "another Cairo" or "Cairo.
NET", referring to the Cairo development project that the company embarked on through the first half of the s, which never resulted in a shipping operating system though nearly all the technologies developed in that time did end up in Windows 95 and Windows NT [17]. It offered only a limited subset of features planned for Longhorn, in particular fast file searching and integrated graphics and sound processing, but appeared to have impressive reliability and performance compared to contemporary Longhorn builds.
In a September 23, front-page article in The Wall Street Journal , [19] Microsoft co-president Jim Allchin , who had overall responsibility for the development and delivery of Windows, explained how development of Longhorn had been "crashing into the ground" due in large part to the haphazard methods by which features were introduced and integrated into the core of the operating system, without a clear focus on an end-product.
Allchin went on to explain how in December , he enlisted the help of two other senior executives, Brian Valentine and Amitabh Srivastava, the former being experienced with shipping software at Microsoft, most notably Windows Server , [20] and the latter having spent his career at Microsoft researching and developing methods of producing high-quality testing systems.
This change, announced internally to Microsoft employees on August 26, , began in earnest in September, though it would take several more months before the new development process and build methodology would be used by all of the development teams. A number of complaints came from individual developers, and Bill Gates himself, that the new development process was going to be prohibitively difficult to work within.
By approximately November , the company had considered several names for the final release, ranging from simple to fanciful and inventive. In the end, Microsoft chose Windows Vista as confirmed on July 22, , believing it to be a "wonderful intersection of what the product really does, what Windows stands for, and what resonates with customers, and their needs". That's what Windows Vista is all about: "bringing clarity to your world" a reference to the three marketing points of Vista—Clear, Connected, Confident , so you can focus on what matters to you".
After Longhorn was named Windows Vista in July , an unprecedented beta-test program was started, involving hundreds of thousands of volunteers and companies.
The first of these was distributed at the Microsoft Professional Developers Conference , and was subsequently released to beta testers and Microsoft Developer Network subscribers. The builds that followed incorporated most of the planned features for the final product, as well as a number of changes to the user interface, based largely on feedback from beta testers. Windows Vista was deemed feature-complete with the release of the "February CTP", released on February 22, , and much of the remainder of the work between that build and the final release of the product focused on stability, performance, application and driver compatibility, and documentation.
Beta 2, released in late May, was the first build to be made available to the general public through Microsoft's Customer Preview Program. It was downloaded over 5 million times. Two release candidates followed in September and October, both of which were made available to a large number of users. The UEFI 2. As a result, the decision was made to postpone the introduction of UEFI support to Windows; support for UEFI on bit platforms was postponed until Vista Service Pack 1 and Windows Server and bit UEFI would not be supported, as Microsoft did not expect many such systems to be built because the market was quickly moving to bit processors.
While Microsoft had originally hoped to have the consumer versions of the operating system available worldwide in time for the holiday shopping season , it announced in March that the release date would be pushed back to January in order to give the company—and the hardware and software companies that Microsoft depends on for providing device drivers —additional time to prepare. Because a release to manufacturing RTM build is the final version of code shipped to retailers and other distributors, the purpose of a pre-RTM build is to eliminate any last "show-stopper" bugs that may prevent the code from responsibly being shipped to customers, as well as anything else that consumers may find annoying.
Thus, it is unlikely that any major new features would be introduced; instead, work would focus on Vista's fit and finish. In just a few days, developers had managed to drop Vista's bug count from over on September 22 to just over by the time RC2 shipped in early October. However, they still had a way to go before Vista was ready to RTM. Microsoft's internal processes required Vista's bug count to drop to or fewer before the product could go into escrow for RTM.
On June 14, , Windows developer Philip Su posted a blog entry which decried the development process of Windows Vista, stating that "The code is way too complicated, and that the pace of coding has been tremendously slowed down by overbearing process. During a demonstration of the speech recognition feature new to Windows Vista at Microsoft's Financial Analyst Meeting on July 27, , the software recognized the phrase "Dear mom" as "Dear aunt".
After several failed attempts to correct the error, the sentence eventually became " Dear aunt, let's set so double the killer delete select all ". Windows Vista build October 17, was supposed to be the RTM release, but a bug, which destroyed any system that was upgraded from Windows XP, prevented this, damaging development and lowering the chance that it would hit its January deadline.
Development of Windows Vista came to an end when Microsoft announced that it had been finalized on November 8, , and was concluded by co-president of Windows development, Jim Allchin. Vista includes technologies such as ReadyBoost [60] and ReadyDrive , which employ fast flash memory located on USB flash drives and hybrid hard disk drives to improve system performance by caching commonly used programs and data.
This manifests itself in improved battery life on notebook computers as well, since a hybrid drive can be spun down when not in use. It uses almost all the extra RAM as disk cache. As part of the redesign of the networking architecture, IPv6 has been fully incorporated into the operating system [64] and a number of performance improvements have been introduced, such as TCP window scaling.
The new driver model facilitates the new Desktop Window Manager , which provides the tearing -free desktop and special effects that are the cornerstones of Windows Aero. Direct3D 10, developed in conjunction with major graphics card manufacturers, is a new architecture with more advanced shader support, and allows the graphics processing unit to render more complex scenes without assistance from the CPU.
It does this by making it easy to connect to external monitors, providing for protected HD video playback, and increasing overall video playback quality. For the first time in Windows, graphics processing unit GPU multitasking is possible, enabling users to run more than one GPU-intensive application simultaneously.
The Heap Manager implements additional features such as integrity checking in order to improve robustness and defend against buffer overflow security exploits , although this comes at the price of breaking backward compatibility with some legacy applications. Improved security was a primary design goal for Vista. UAC is a security technology that makes it possible for users to use their computer with fewer privileges by default, to stop malware from making unauthorized changes to the system.
This was often difficult in previous versions of Windows, as the previous "limited" user accounts proved too restrictive and incompatible with a large proportion of application software, and even prevented some basic operations such as looking at the calendar from the notification tray.
Regular use of the computer such as running programs, printing, or surfing the Internet does not trigger UAC prompts. User Account Control asks for credentials in a Secure Desktop mode, in which the entire screen is dimmed, and only the authorization window is active and highlighted.
The intent is to stop a malicious program from misleading the user by interfering with the authorization window, and to hint to the user about the importance of the prompt. Symantec used over 2, active malware samples, consisting of backdoors , keyloggers , rootkits , mass mailers, trojan horses , spyware , adware , and various other samples.
Each was executed on a default Windows Vista installation within a standard user account. UAC effectively blocked over 50 percent of each threat , excluding rootkits. Internet Explorer 7 's new security and safety features include a phishing filter, IDN with anti-spoofing capabilities, and integration with system-wide parental controls.
For added security, ActiveX controls are disabled by default. Also, Internet Explorer operates in a protected mode, which operates with lower permissions than the user and runs in isolation from other applications in the operating system, preventing it from accessing or modifying anything besides the Temporary Internet Files directory. Changes to various system configuration settings such as new auto-starting applications are blocked unless the user gives consent.
Whereas prior releases of Windows supported per-file encryption using Encrypting File System , the Enterprise and Ultimate editions of Vista include BitLocker Drive Encryption , which can protect entire volumes , notably the operating system volume.
However, BitLocker requires approximately a 1. In normal circumstances, the only time this partition is accessed is when the computer is booting, or when there is a Windows update that changes files in this area, which is a legitimate reason to access this section of the drive. The area can be a potential security issue, because a hexadecimal editor such as dskprobe. A variety of other privilege-restriction techniques are also built into Vista.
An example is the concept of "integrity levels" in user processes, whereby a process with a lower integrity level cannot interact with processes of a higher integrity level and cannot perform DLL—injection to processes of a higher integrity level. The security restrictions of Windows services are more fine-grained, so that services especially those listening on the network cannot interact with parts of the operating system they do not need to. Obfuscation techniques such as address space layout randomization are used to increase the amount of effort required of malware before successful infiltration of a system.
Code integrity verifies that system binaries have not been tampered with by malicious code. As part of the redesign of the network stack, Windows Firewall has been upgraded, with new support for filtering both incoming and outgoing traffic. Advanced packet filter rules can be created that can grant or deny communications to specific services. The bit versions of Vista require that all device drivers be digitally signed, so that the creator of the driver can be identified.
While much of the focus of Vista's new capabilities highlighted the new user interface, [82] security technologies, and improvements to the core operating system, Microsoft also adding new deployment and maintenance features:.
Windows Vista includes a large number of new application programming interfaces. Chief among them is the inclusion of version 3. Version 3. These technologies are also available for Windows XP and Windows Server to facilitate their introduction to and usage by developers and end-users.
There are also significant new development APIs in the core of the operating system, notably the completely re-designed audio, networking, print, and video interfaces, major changes to the security infrastructure, improvements to the deployment and installation of applications " ClickOnce " and Windows Installer 4. There are some issues for software developers using some of the graphics APIs in Vista. Games or programs built solely on the Windows Vista-exclusive version of DirectX , version 10, cannot work on prior versions of Windows, as DirectX 10 is not available for previous Windows versions.
Also, games that require the features of D3D9Ex, the updated implementation of DirectX 9 in Windows Vista are also incompatible with previous Windows versions. Windows Vista unifies the previously separate OEM and retail distributions of Microsoft Windows; a license for the edition purchased determines which version of Windows Vista is eligible for installation, regardless of its originating source. OEM and retail versions of Windows before Windows Vista were maintained separately on optical media—users with a manufacturer-supplied disc could not use a retail license during installation, and users with a retail disc could not use an OEM license during installation.
Windows Vista also does not include the Windows XP " Luna " visual theme, or most of the classic color schemes that have been part of Windows since the Windows 3. The "Hardware profiles" startup feature has also been removed, along with support for older motherboard technologies like the EISA bus, APM and game port support though on the bit version game port support can be enabled by applying an older driver.
Support for the original release of Windows Vista without a service pack ended on April 13, Mainstream support for Windows Vista officially ended on April 10, For IT pros or users who needed to make specific fixes to the commercial Windows code, Microsoft required an extended hotfix agreement, which provided an additional 90 days from April 10, As part of the Extended Support phase, Vista users were still able to get security updates, and could still pay for support per incident, per-hour, or in other ways.
Microsoft also made Windows Vista product information available through its online Knowledge Base. Windows Vista shipped in six different editions. For consumers, there are three editions, with two available for economically more developed countries. Windows Vista Starter edition is aimed at low-powered computers with availability only in emerging markets.
Windows Vista Home Basic is intended for budget users. Windows Vista Home Premium covers the majority of the consumer market and contains applications for creating and using multimedia. The home editions cannot join a Windows Server domain.
For businesses, there are three editions as well. Windows Vista Business is specifically designed for small and medium-sized enterprises , [] while Windows Vista Enterprise [] is only available to customers participating in Microsoft's Software Assurance program. Windows Vista Ultimate contains the complete feature-set of both the Home and Business combination of both Home Premium and Enterprise editions, as well as a set of Windows Ultimate Extras , and is aimed at enthusiasts.
All editions except Windows Vista Starter support both bit x86 and bit x64 processor architectures. Similar sanctions exist in South Korea. Windows Vista has four distinct visual styles. Windows Vista's Basic and Classic interfaces work with virtually any graphics hardware that supports Windows XP or ; accordingly, most discussion around Vista's graphics requirements centers on those for the Windows Aero interface.
The required server connections for this utility are no longer available. Although the installation media included in retail packages is a bit DVD, customers needing a CD-ROM or customers who wish for a bit install media can acquire this media through the Windows Vista Alternate Media program. The maximum amount of RAM that Windows Vista can support varies, depending on both its edition and its processor architecture, as shown in the table.
The maximum number of logical processors [] in a PC that Windows Vista supports is: 32 [] for bit; 64 [] for bit. Microsoft occasionally releases updates such as service packs for its Windows operating systems to fix bugs, improve performance and add new features. The initial deployment of the service pack caused a number of machines to continually reboot, rendering the machines unusable. The synchronized release date of the two operating systems reflected the merging of the workstation and server kernels back into a single code base for the first time since Windows Support for the remaining 31 languages was released on April 14, A white paper, published by Microsoft on August 29, , outlined the scope and intent of the service pack, identifying three major areas of improvement: reliability and performance, administration experience, and support for newer hardware and standards.
One area of particular note is performance. Areas of improvement include file copy operations, hibernation, logging off on domain-joined machines, JavaScript parsing in Internet Explorer, network file share browsing, [] Windows Explorer ZIP file handling, [] and Windows Disk Defragmenter.
Service Pack 1 introduced support for some new hardware and software standards, notably the exFAT file system, [] Booting a system using Extensible Firmware Interface on x64 systems was also introduced; [] this feature had originally been slated for the initial release of Vista but was delayed due to a lack of compatible hardware at the time.
Two areas have seen changes in SP1 that have come as the result of concerns from software vendors. One of these is desktop search; users will be able to change the default desktop search program to one provided by a third party instead of the Microsoft desktop search program that comes with Windows Vista, and desktop search programs will be able to seamlessly tie in their services into the operating system.
In June , Google claimed that the changes being introduced for SP1 "are a step in the right direction, but they should be improved further to give consumers greater access to alternate desktop search providers". An update to DirectX 10, named DirectX Graphics cards will be required to support DirectX An updated downloadable version of the Group Policy Management Console was released soon after the service pack.
SP1 enables support for hotpatching, a reboot-reduction servicing technology designed to maximize uptime. It works by allowing Windows components to be updated or "patched" while they are still in use by a running process. Hotpatch-enabled update packages are installed via the same methods as traditional update packages, and will not trigger a system reboot. Service Pack 2 for Windows Vista and Windows Server was released through different channels between April [] and June , one year after the release of Windows Vista SP1, and four months before the release of Windows 7.
However, it did not include Internet Explorer 8 , but instead was included in Windows 7 , which was released four months after Vista SP2.
Windows Vista and Windows Server share a single service pack binary, reflecting the fact that their code bases were joined with the release of Server It includes major new components that shipped with Windows 7 , as well as updated runtime libraries.
It consists of the following components:. Although extensive, the Platform Update does not bring Windows Vista to the level of features and performance offered by Windows 7. In July , Microsoft released the Platform Update Supplement for Windows Vista and Windows Server , which contains several bug fixes and performance improvements.
While Windows Vista support ended on April 11, , support could be unofficially extended by installing Windows Server updates, this allowed Windows Vista users to install security updates until the Windows Server end of support date of January 14, The Text Services Framework was compromised by a privilege escalation vulnerability CVE - that could allow attackers to use the framework to perform privileged operations, run software, or send messages to privileged processes from unprivileged processes—bypassing security features such as sandboxes or User Account Control.
If Windows Defender scanned a specially crafted file, it would lead to memory corruption, potentially allowing an attacker to control the affected machine or perform arbitrary code execution in the context of LocalSystem ; the vulnerability was exacerbated by the default real-time protection settings of Windows Defender, which were configured to automatically initiate malware scans at regular intervals.
The first version of the Protection Engine affected by the vulnerability is Version 1. Microsoft released a patch to address the issue. Windows Vista support ended on April 11, , and no more updates were released for the OS apart from the rare out-of-band patches. In July , Microsoft introduced a web-based advertising campaign called the "Mojave Experiment", which depicts a group of people who are asked to evaluate the newest operating system from Microsoft, calling it Windows 'Mojave'.
Participants are first asked about Vista, if they have used it, and their overall satisfaction with Vista on a scale of 1 to They are then shown a demo of some of the new operating system's features, and asked their opinion and satisfaction with it on the same 1 to 10 scale.
After respondents rate "Mojave", they are then told that they were shown a demo of Windows Vista. The object was to test "A theory: If people could see Windows Vista firsthand, they would like it.
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